Analiza novčnih najdb / The analysis of the coin finds. - In: L. Plesničar Gec, Emonski forum / Emona Forum, Koper 2006, 71-84. more

Ljudmila PLESNICAR GEC EMONSKI FORUM EM ON A FORUM M Zalozba Annales koper 2006 ANALIZA NOVCNIH NAJDB THE ANALYSIS OF THE COIN FINDS Peter KOS Z izjemo sedmih kovancev so bili vsi drugi novci s foruma ze objavljeni v razlicnih zvezkih korpusa anticnih novcnih najdb Slovenije (FMRS1),1 zato se ponovna objava kataloga novcev ne zdi smiselna. Podajam le sumaren seznam novcev po letih raziskovanja in kvandrantih, skupaj z navedbo najpomemb- nejsih podatkov o kovni avtoriteti in casu kovanja novca, navedbo objave novca ter najdiscne podatke, kolikor so bili ti podani. Med arheoloskimi raziskovanji emonskega foruma (obmocje Fcrantovcga vrta) je bilo izkopanih 256 anticnih novcev. Od teh sta dva noriska mala srebraika (tip z rozeto in tip s konji- ckom), tretji je tavriski mali srebrnik s konjickom na zadnji strani. Republikanskih novcev je 15, 161 jihje iz 1. in deset iz 2. stoletja. Stirje novci so bili izkovani v tretjem in 59 v cetrtem stoletju. Stirje novci so casovno poblize neoprede- ljeni in jihje moc le v grobem uvrstiti v 1. ali 2. stoletje. Ce te vrednosti primerjamo z zastopanostjo novcev posameznih stoletij v ostalih predelih Emonc,2 opazamo pri novcnih najdbah s foruma nenormalen odklon, ki bi na prvi, povrsni pogled lahko nakazoval kronolosko precej zgodnejsi in predvsem bolj intenziven zacetek poselitve foruma. Primerjava z drugimi obmocji Emone namrec kaze najinten- zivnejsi denarni obtok (kot posledico mocnejse poselitve) v 4. stoletju. With the exception of seven coins, all of the coins from the Forum site have already been published in various volumes of the corpus of ancient coin finds of Slovenia (FMRSl),1 and hence the republication of the catalogue of coins seems senseless. I will offer only a brief list of the coins according to year of excavation and quadrant, also noting the most important data about the minting authority, the period of minting the coins, and with citation of the publication of the coins and the relevant archaeological data, inasmuch as they were given. During the archaeological excavation of the Forum of Emona (the Ferant garden area), 256 ancient coins were recovered. Of these, two were small Norican silver coins (the type with a rosette and the type with a rider) and the third one a small Tauriscan silver coin with a rider on the reverse. Fif- teen coins were from Republican period, 161 from the 1st cen- tury, 10 from the 2nd century, 4 coins were minted in the 3rd century, and 59 coins in the 4th century. Four coins could not be determined chronologically in detail and could only roughly be classified to the first or second centuries. If these values are compared with the representation of coins from individual centuries at the other sites of Emona,2 an abnormal deviation can be noted in the proportional repre- sentation of the coin finds from the Forum, that at first and superficial glance would indicate a chronologically earlier and more intensive start to settlement at the Forum. The com- parisons in fact point to the most intensive monetary circula- tion (as a result of more intensive settlement) taking part in other sections of Emona in the 4th century. Kelti 3 1,10% Republika 15 5,80% 1. stoletje 161 62,80% 2. stoletje 10 3,90% 1.-2. stoletje 4 1,50% 3. stoletje 4 1,50% 4. stoletje 59 23,05% Skupaj 256 99,60% Celtic 3 1,10% Republican 15 5,80% 1st century 161 62,80% 2nd century 10 3,90% 1 st_2nd century 4 1,50% 3rd century 4 1,50% 4th century 59 23,05% Total 256 99,60% Tab. 1: Stevilcna in odstotna zastopanost anticnih novcev posameznih obdobij. Tab. 1: The numerical and percentage representation of ancient coins from individual periods. Emonski koriim / Emona forum Forum Emona The Forum Emona Republika • 15 5,90% 37 1,40% Republika 15 5,90% 37 1,40% -1 o 1 .-2. stoletje 1 /5 en -ino/ by, id /o ceo 002 25,1 (j % century -1 7c 1 / o £Q -i no/ oy, i u /o odz or a no/ zo, lU/o 3. stoletje 4 1 ,50% 325 a o ono/ 12,30% 3rd century 4 t ,du7o one 4 o ono/ 4. stoletje en 23,30% -1 Cflfl o1,10% 4th century cq oy oq ono/ ^lo,OU /o -1 CflQ louy -ino/ Skupaj 253 2633 Total 253 2633 Tab. 2: Primerjava zastopanosti novcev posameznih stoletij na forumu in ostalih obmocjih Emone Tab. 2: Comparison of the proportions of coins from individual centuries at the Forum and in other areas of Emona. Keltski in republikanski novci Od keltskih novcev sta bila izkopana mali srebrnik z rozeto na zadnji strani (vcasih imenovan tip Magdalensberg) in mali srebrnik s stiliziranim konjickom (tip karlsteinska zvrst), katerih kovanje pripisujemo plemenu Norikov. Tretji mali srebrnik z upodobitvijo konjicka na zadnji strani lahko pri- pisemo plemenu Tavriskov. Najdbe keltskih novcev ne pre- senecajo, ceprav so na obmocju Emone na splosno skromno zastopani.3 Kronolosko niso izrazito obcutljiv element, saj danes po eni strani tudi kovanje malih srebrnikov z rozeto casovno umescajo ze v 2. stoletje pr. Kr.,4 na drugi strani pa so bili mali noriski srebrniki v obtoku skupaj z rimskim denarjem vsaj se v tiberijanskem obdobju.5 Zato tudi treh primerkov z emonskega foruma ne moremo interpretirati kot del denarnega obtoka zadnjih desetletij 1. stoletja pr. Kr., ampak najverjetneje odrazajo sliko vsakdanjega denarnega obtoka v avgustejskem obdobju, ko so skupaj krozili rimski republikanski, keltski in avgustejski novci. Od 15 republikanskih novcev je kronolosko najzgodnejsi izrabljen zgodnji viktoriat, ki so jih kovali v Italiji med 211 in 170 pr. Kr., vendar so bili v obtoku daljsi cas.6 Po mnenju nekaterih strokovnjakov naj bi bili kasneje namenjeni pred- vsem za obtok v Galiji Cisalpini, saj je imel viktoriat enako tezo kot lokalni denar (imitacije masalskih drahem) v tern prostoru.7 V stevilnih zakladnih najdbah iz Cisalpinske Gali- je je opazna njihova znatna prisotnost, se posebno severno od Pada, kjer se v dveh primerih pojavljajo skupaj s padanskimi drahmami.8 Tudi na obmocju danasnje Slovenije so viktoriati dokumentirani skoraj izkljucno na ozemlju, ki je sodilo v okvir Cisalpinske Galije, kamor je mogoce umestiti tudi Emono, njihovo navzocnost na danasnjem slovenskem ozemlju pa moramo interpretirati kot izrazit pokazatelj zgod- nje romanizacije skrajnega vzhodnega, torej tudi „slovenskega", dela Cisalpinske Galije, ki se kaze predvsem v prodiranju rimskih trgovcev na nova trzisca.9 Med republikanskimi novci je dobro ohranjen le poznorepub- likanski kvinarij iz tridesetih let 1. stoletja pr. Kr. Poleg desetih povsem izrabljenih polovicenih republikanskih asov, ki so bili kovani v Italiji do srede 2. stoletja pr. Kr., so bili odkopani se povsem izrabljen republikanski denarij, srednje izrabljen denarij iz srede 1. stoletja pr. Kr. ter izrabljen legi- jski denarij Marka Antonija (32-31 pr. Kr.). Posamicne polovicene republikanske ase naj demo v nekaterih zgod- nejsih zakladnih najdbah v Italiji, kar nedvomno kaze, da so te ase polovicili zev 1. stoletju pr. Kr.10 Na drugi strani so poloviceni in povsem izrabljeni republikanski asi krozili v denarnem obtoku skupaj z avgustejskimi polovicenimi asi,11 posamezne pa najdemo se v klavdijskih naselbinah Galije in Germanije.12 Popolna izrabljenost na emonskem forumu Celtic and Republican coins The Celtic coins found consisted of a small silver coin with a rosette on the reverse (sometimes called the Magdalensberg type) and a small silver coin with a stylized rider (the Karl- stein type), whose minting is attributed to the tribe of the Nori- ci. The third small silver coin with a depiction of a rider on the reverse can be attributed to the tribe of the Taurisci. Finds of Celtic coins are not surprising, although in general they are modestly represented in the Emona region.3 Chronologically they do not represent a particularly sensitive element, as today on the one hand the minting of the small silver coins with a rosette is placed as early as the 2nd century BC,4 and on the other hand the small Norican silver coins were in circulation together with Roman coinage at least as late as the Tiberian period.5 Hence the three examples from the Forum of Emona need not be interpreted as representing the monetary circula- tion in the last decades of the first century BC, rather they most likely reflected the image of everyday monetary circula- tion in the Augustan period, when Roman Republican, Celtic, and Augustan coinage circulated together. The chronologically earliest of the 15 Republican coins was a worn early victoriatus, minted in Italy between 211 and 170 BC, although they were in circulation for a longer period.6 Some experts think that they were primarily intended later for circulation in Cisalpine Gaul, as the victoriatus had the same weight as the local coinage (an imitation of the Massalian drachm) in that area.7 Their considerable presence has been noted in numerous hoards in the area of Cisalpine Gaul, and particularly in the region north of the Po River, where they appeared together in two cases with Po drachms.^ Similarly, in present-day Slovenia, victoriati have been documented almost exclusively in regions that can be considered to have been within the framework of Cisalpine Gaul, to which Emona could also be assigned, and their presence on Sloven- ian territory can be interpreted as an explicit indicator of the early Romanization of the furthest eastern, i.e. "Slovenian", section of Cisalpine Gaul, as shown primarily through the penetration of Roman merchants to new markets.9 Of the Republican coins, only a late Republican quinarius from the fourth decade of the 1st century BC was well pre- served. In addition to ten completely worn and halved Repub- lican asses, which were minted in Italy to the middle of the 2nd century BC, other excavated coins consisted of a com- pletely worn Republican denarius, a medium worn denarius from the middle of the 1st century BC, and a worn legionary denarius of Marcus Antonius (32-31 BC). Individual halved Republican asses are found in several early hoards in Italy, which definitely shows that these asses were halved in the 1st & 72 Emonski forum / Emona forum izkopanih polovicenih primerkov tako nikakor ne dopusca domneve, da bi bili ti na tern prostoru v obtoku ze v 1. sto- letju pr. Kr. Za republikanske denarije je znacilna pogosta uporaba se v casu 1. stoletja,13 tako da tudi prisotnosti treh izrabljenih republikanskih srebrnikov nikakor ni mogoce upostevati kot dokaz za poselitev raziskanega obmocja ze v drugi polovici 1. stoletja pr. Kr. Novci 1. in 2. stoletja Podrobnejso stevilcno in odstotno zastopanost novcev 1. in 2. stoletja prikazuje tabela 3. Analiza kaze, da je bilo 18,3% (47 primerkov) vseh na foru- mu izkopanih novcev kovanih v avgustejskem obdobju. Zastopanost Avgustovih novcev iz posameznih kovnic po nominalih prikazuje naslednja tabela 4. Med 32 kovnicarskimi asi rimske kovnice (ti predstavljajo 68% vseh Avgustovih novcev z obmocja foruma) je 8 (25%) polovicenih. Razmerje polovicenih in nepolovicenih asov v tern izkopnem arealu je tako podobno razmerju ugotovljene- mu na sirsem obmocju Emone, kjer je dokumentiranih 23,5% polovicenih Avgustovih kovnicarskih asov (od 196 asov je 46 polovicenih).14 Zelo verjetno moramo med Avgustove kovnicarske ase rimske kovnice oziroma med ase kovnice Nemausus pristeti tudi 22 izrabljenih in le grobo v avgustej- sko-tiberijsko obdobje opredeljenih asov, od katerih je 16 polovicenih (72,7%), od dveh (9%) pa so ohranjene le cetrtinke. V tem primeru bi bilo polovicenih in cetrtinjenih celo preko 47% avgustejskih asov. Od vseh avgustejskih century BC.10 On the other hand, halved and completely worn Republican asses were in monetary circulation togeth- er with Augustan halved asses,11 and individual examples can be found in Claudian settlements in Gaul and Ger- many.12 The completely worn nature of the halved examples excavated on the Emona Forum certainly does not permit the assumption that they would have been in circulation in this area as early as the 1st century BC. A characteristic of Republican coinage is its frequent use even in the period of the 1st century,13 so that the presence of three worn Republican silver coins certainly cannot be taken as proof for the settlement of the excavated area as early as the second half of the Ist century BC. Coins of the 1st and 2nd centuries The detailed numerical and percentage representation of coins of the 1st and 2nd centuries is shown by table 3. The analysis shows that 18.3% (47 specimens) of all the coins excavated on the Forum were minted in the Augustan period. The representation of coins of Augustus from individual mints according to denomination is shown in table 4. Eight (25%) of the 32 mintmaster's asses of the Roman mint (they represent 68% of all coins of Augustus from the Forum area) were halved. The ration between halved and un-halved asses in this excavated area is thus similar to the ration established in the broader area of Emona, where 23.5% of halved Augustan minter's asses were documented (of 196 asses, 46 were halved).14 It is very probable that it is neces- 27 pr. Kr.-14 po Kr. 47 26,80% 14-37 24 13,70% 27 pr. Kr.-37 8 4,50% 37-41 11 6,20% 41-54 27 15,40% 1. pol. 1. stoletja 15 8,50% 54-68 6 3,40% 68-69 1 0,60% 69-79 9 5,10% 79-81 5 2,80% 81-96 6 3,40% 1. stoletje 2 1,10% 98-117 1 0,60% 117-138 3 1,70% 138-161 3 1,70% 161-180 3 1,70% 180-193 0 0,00% 1.-2. stoletje 4 2,30% Skupaj 1. in 2. stoletje 175 99,50% 27 BC-14 AD 47 26,80% 14-37 24 13,70% 27 BC-37 8 4,50% 37-41 11 6,20% 41-54 27 15,40% First half 1st century 15 8,50% 54-68 6 3,40% 68-69 1 0,60% 69-79 9 5,10% 79-81 5 2,80% 81-96 6 3,40% 1st century 2 1,10% 98-117 1 0,60% 117-138 3 1,70% 138-161 3 1,70% 161-180 3 1,70% 180-193 0 0,00% 1st_2nd century 4 2,30% Total 1st and 2nd centuries 175 99,50% Tab. 3: Stevilcna in odstotna zastopanost novcev 1. in 2. stoletja. Tab. 3: The numerical and percentage representation of coins of the 1st and 2nd centuries. ki forum / Emona forum Augustus 27-23 pr. Kr. Mala Azija AE 3 16-6 pr. Kr. Rim Nem S 1 Dp 3 As 32 2 Quad 2 11 - 14 po Kr. Rim As 4 Augustus 27-23 BC Asia Minor AE 3 16-6 BC Rome Nem S 1 Dp 3 As 32 2 Quad 2 11-14 AD Rome As 4 Tab. 4: Zastopanost novcev cesarja Avgusta po nominalih in kovnicah. Tab. 4: The representation of coins of Augustus by denomination and mint. novcev sta bila odkopana le dva kvadransa (4,2%), kar se spet sklada z ugotovljeno odstotno zastopanostjo Avgustovih kvadransov na sirsem obmocju Emone (3,5%) in potrjuje soodvisnost med vecjim stevilom polovicenih asov in manj- sim stevilom kvadransov.15 Med avgustejsko-tiberijskimi bronastimi novci s foruma ni bilo dokumentiranih kontramarkiranih novcev.16 Sedemdeset novcev (12,5% vseh izkopanih) je iz tiberijsko- klavdijskega obdobja. Od 24 Tiberijevih asov je 15 (62,5%) posmrtnih Avgustovih kovov, kovanih po letu 22 po Kr.17 Ta odstotna zastopanost je precej vecja, kot je bila doslej ugotovl- jena v Emoni (37,97%).18 Deset asov in sesterc so bili izko- vani v casu Caiusa (37-41), sest kvadransov, sesterc, dupondij in 19 asov pa je bilo izkovanih v casu Klavdija (41-54). V 2. stoletju je bilo kovanih le 10 dokumentiranih novcev oz. 3,9% vseh novcev s foruma. Ce primerjamo zastopanost novcev posameznih obdobij kovanja na forumu z vrednostmi na sirsem obmocju Emone, lahko ugotovimo, da se sestav novcnih najdb na forumu bistveno razlikuje od sestava novcnih najdb iz do sedaj izkopanih predelov v Emoni.19 Medtem ko predstavljajo novcne najdbe iz obdobja 27 pr. Kr.~96 na sirsem obmocju Emone 64,17% vseh novcev iz obdobja prvih dveh stoletij, je ta zastopanost na obravna- vanem obmocju foruma kar 92%. Se posebej izstopa izjemna intenzivnost novcnih najdb iz avgustejsko-klavdijskega obdobja. Novci iz tega casa predstavljajo v obravnavanem prostoru 75,4% vseh novcev iz prvih dveh stoletij, medtem ko je ta zastopanost na drugih podrocjih Emone le 46,67%. To je nedvomno v prvi vrsti posledica stevilcno skromnih najdb 2. stoletja in le malo verjetno odraz intenzivnejse poselitve raziskanega prostora (se posebno njegovega severovzhodnega dela) predvsem v prvi polovici 1. stoletja. Strnjene novcne najdbe s foruma se tako v bistvu koncujejo z Domicijanovim dupondijem in petimi asi, saj so bili iz 2. sto- letja odkopani le Trajanov dupondij, trije Hadrijanovi asi, trije asi Antonina Pija (dvakrat izkovani v imenu Favstine I.) in trije sesterci Marka Avrelija (dvakrat izkovani v imenu Favstine II.). Zlasti za izkopane zgodnejse Avgustove novce je znacilno, da kazejo znake mocne obrabe, prav tako so precej izrabljeni tudi nekateri kovnicarski asi.20 Na podlagi analize novcnih najdb prve polovice 1. stoletja bi lahko zakljucili, da je moc govoriti o stalni poselitvi obravnavanega prostora sele od sary to count among the Augustan mintmaster's asses of the Roman mint or among the asses of the mint of Nemausus the 22 worn asses that are only roughly assigned to the Augus- tan-Tiberian period, 16 of which are halved (72.7%), while of two (9%) only quarters are preserved. In that case, over 47% of the Augustan asses would be halved and quartered. Of all the Augustan coins, only two quandrans were excavated (4.2%), which again corresponds to the established percent- age representation of Augustan quadrans in the broader region of Emona (3.5%) and confirms the correlation between the large number of halved asses and the small num- ber of quadrans.15 The bronze Augustan-Tiberian coins from the Forum did not include any documented countermarked coins.16 Seventy coins (12.5% of all excavated coins) were from the Tiberian-Claudian period. Of 24 Tiberian asses, 15 (62.5%) were posthumous coins of Augustus, minted after 22 AD J7 This percentage is considerably greater than that established to the present at Emona (37.97%).ls Ten asses and one ses- tertius were minted in the period of Caius (37-41), and 6 quadrans, 1 sestertius, 1 dupondius and 19 asses were mint- ed in the period of Claudius (41-54). Only 10 documented coins were minted in the 2nd century, or 3.9% of all coins from the area of the Forum. If we compare the representation of coins from individual periods at the Forum with the values for the broader region of Emona, it can be established that the composition of the coin finds at the Forum differs significantly from the composition of finds from the parts of Emona excavated to the present.19 While the coin finds from the period 27 BC-96 AD in the broader region of Emona represent 64.17%> of all coins from the period of the first two centuries, this representation in the investigated area of the Forum measures some 92%>. The exceptional intensity of coin finds from the Augustan-Claudian period particularly stands out. The coins from this period represent 75.4% of all coins from the first two centuries in the investigated area, while this representation in other parts of Emona is only 46.67%). This undoubtedly is primarily a result of the numeri- cally modest finds from the 2nd century and is unlikely to be a reflection of some more intensive settlement of the excavated area (especially its northeastern section), particularly in the first half of the 1st century. The combined coin finds in the investigated area essentially conclude with a dupondius and 74 Emonski forum / Emona forum poznega avgustejskega, morda sele od zgodnjega tiberijskega obdobja.21 To domnevo dodatno potrjuje ugotovljena visoka odstotna zastopanost polovicenih Avgustovih kovnicarskih asov. Polovicenje bronastih novcev kot posledica pomanjkan- ja drobiza v denamem obtoku je namrec znacilno za pozno avgustejsko obdobje, posebno intenzivno pa je bilo v zadnjih letih Avgustove vlade, medtem ko polovicenja bronastih novcev, kovanih po Ietu 22, skorajda ni zaslediti.22 Poloviceni asi so bili nato kot drobiz v rabi se dobrsen del 1. stoletja. Pomembno je ugotoviti, da primerjava odstotne zastopanosti novcev 1. stoletja, ki so bili izkopani na forumu, z novci iz drugih emonskih predelov (v obeh primerih so upostevani le dolocljivi novci)23 do konca vlade cesarja Vespazijana (69- 79) ne kaze bistvenih odstopanj (91,7% : 88,5%). Forum in druga obmocja emone Nekoliko vecja odstotna zastopanost Avgustovih novcev na forumu je zgolj posledica nizjega deleza Domicijanovih (81- 96). Ta primerjava zato povsem jasno pokaze, da razlike v zastopanosti novcev posameznih stoletij med forumom in ostalimi obmocji Emone (Tab. 2) ni mogoce interpretirati kronolosko, ampak je zgolj posledica odsotnosti oz. zelo skromnih novcnih najdb na forumu po osemdesetih letih 1. stoletja. Dokumentirani novci 2. stoletja kazejo vec kot skromno zastopanost le do leta 175, nato pa skoraj devetdesetletno prekinitev dotoka denarja v obtok. To je moc povezati z vidno zmanjsano intenzivnostjo denarnega obtoka v sirsem emonskem arealu po koncu vlade Marka Avrelija oz. s prekinitvijo denarnega obtoka v Emoni v casu med Komodo- vo (180-192) in Galijenovo vladavino (260-268), ki je zlasti opazna v severozahodnem delu mesta.24 To prekinitev smo skusali pojasniti kot posledico drasticnega upada stevila emonskih prebivalcev zaradi epidemije kuge v casu Komoda in tudi analiza novcnih najdb z emonskega foruma nasi prvot- ni razlagi pritrjuje.25 Tudi novci, kovani v drugi polovici 3. stoletja, so na forumu komajda navzoci z le stirimi primerki, izkopanimi leta 1964. V vzhodnem delu emonskega foruma, raziskanem leta 1968, novci 3. stoletja niso dokumentirani, kar pomeni bistveno odstopanje v primerjavi z drugimi najdisci v Emoni.26 Tako bi na podlagi odsotnosti novcnih najdb lahko domnevali sko- raj 160-letno prekinitev denarnega obtoka in s tern tudi poselitve na obmocju foruma. Forum Drugi emonski predeli 27 pr. Kr.-14 po Kr. 47 34,50% 114 27,40% 14-37 24 17,60% 86 20,60% 37-41 11 8,10% 33 7,90% 41-54 27 19,80% 76 18,20% 54-69 7 5,10% 20 4,80% 69-79 9 6,60% 40 9,60% 79-81 5 3,60% 3 0,70% 81-96 6 4,40% 44 10,60% Skupaj 136 416 five asses of Domitian, as from the 2nd century all that was recovered from excavations were a dupondius of Trajan, three asses of Hadrian, and three asses of Antoninus Pius (two struck in the name of Faustina I), and three sestertii of Mar- cus Aurelius (two struck in the name of Faustina II). It is characteristic primarily for the excavated coins of Augustus that they exhibit signs of great wear, and similar considerable wear is also shown on some mintmaster's asses.20 On the basis of the analysis of the coin finds from the first half of the Ist century it can be concluded that it is pos- sible to speak of permanent settlement of the investigated area only from the late Augustan and perhaps only from the early Tiberian period onwards.21 This supposition is addi- tionally confirmed by the established high percentage repre- sentation of halved Augustan mintmaster's asses. The halving of bronze coins as a result of the lack ofsmall change in mon- etary circulation is in fact characteristic for the late Augus- tan period, and it was particularly intensive in the last years of Augustus' rule, while halved bronze coins minted after 22 AD almost cannot be traced.22 Halved asses were thus in use as small change throughout a fair part of the 1st century. It is important to establish that the comparison of the per- centage representation of the coins of the 1st century that were excavated at the Forum to the coins from the other parts of Emona (in both cases only legible coins were consid- ered)23 to the end of the reign of the emperor Vespasian (69- 79) otherwise does not show any significant deviation (91.7% : 88.5%). The Forum and other parts of Emona The somewhat greater percentage representation of coins of Augustus at the Forum is simply a result of a lower share of coins of Domitian (81-96). This comparison hence quite clearly indicates that the differences in the percentage repre- sentation of coins of individual centuries between the Forum and the other parts of Emona (Tab. 2) cannot be interpreted chronologically, but rather as a mere result of the absence or extremely modest presence of coin finds at the Forum after the ninth decade of the Ist century. The documented coins of the 2nd century exhibit a more than modest representation only to 175, and then an almost ninety year long interruption in the influx of coins into circulation. That can be connected to the noted decline in intensity of mon- etary circulation or the interruption of monetary circulation in The Forum Other parts of Emona 27 BC-14 AD 47 34,50% 114 27,40% 14-37 24 17,60% 86 20,60% 37-41 11 8,10% 33 7,90% 41-54 27 19,80% 76 18,20% 54-69 7 5,10% 20 4,80% 69-79 9 6,60% 40 9,60% 79-81 5 3,60% 3 0,70% 81-96 6 4,40% 44 10,60% Total 136 416 Tab. 5: Primerjava zastopanosti novcev 1. stoletja na forumu in drugih emonskih predelih. Tab. 5: Comparison of the representation of coins of the 1st century at the Forum and in other parts of Emona. Emonskj forum / Emona forum 75 J Novci 4. stoletja V drugih predelih Emone je intenziven denarni obtok brez opaznejsih prekinitev bogato dokumentiran od Galijenovega obdobja (260-268) vse do tretjega desetletja 5. stoletja. V jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru je bil predvsem v drugi polovici 4. stoletja najbolj intenziven prav v Emoni in prica o znatni ekonomski moci omenjenega prostora. Vsega 59 novcev iz druge polovice 4. stoletja (23% vseh izkopanih), nejdenih na emonskem forumu, je zato nenavaden in nenor- malen pojav. Zastopanost novcev posameznih kovnic po obdobjih kovanja prikazuje tabela 627>28. Kljub nizkemu stevilu poznoanticnih novcev z raziskanega obmocja, od katerih le 37 lahko opredelimo kovnico, lahko ugotovimo, da navzocnost novcev posameznih kovnic ne odstopa od vrednosti z drugih obmocij v Emoni. Najbolj stevilni so novci iz kovnic Siscia in Aquileia, ki sta najdiscu najblizji, pri cemer po letu 364 prevladujejo novci iz kovnice Siscia.29 Vecina poznoanticnih novcev je bila odkrita v jugovzhodnem delu foruma (med 1. in 28. kvadrantom), kjer po vsej verjet- nosti izpricujejo poznoanticno fazo poselitve. V ostalih izkopnih poljih se novci 4. stoletja pojavljajo le obcasno. Zaradi izredno nizke stevilcnosti novcev 4. stoletja niso zastopana vsa obdobja kovanja, vendar tega dejstva prav zaradi majhnega stevila novcev ne moremo razloziti. V primerjavi z drugimi do zdaj raziskanimi emonskimi predeli, kjer je skoraj vedno izprican intenziven denarni obtok v pozni antiki vse do tretjega desetletja 5. stoletja,30 stevilcno skrom- nih poznoanticnih novcnih najdb na forumu zato nikakor ne moremo interpretirati, se zlasti ne, na primer, z izjemno skromno poselitvijo tega dela Emone v pozni antiki. Nenor- malno skromno zastopanost poznoanticnih novcev lahko zato verjetneje pojasnimo le s popolnim unicenjem socasnih plas- ti ob zidavi srednjeveskega mesta. Obravnava anticnih novcev z emonskega foruma je tako tudi odlicen primer, ki kaze, do kako zmotnih zakljuckov bi lahko pripeljala interpretacija novcnih najdb z omejenega obmocja the broad area of Emona at the end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius, i.e. in the period between the reigns of Commodus (180-192) and Gallienus (260-268), which is particularly apparent in the north-western part of the city.24 This disconti- nuity in the influx of coinage into circulation was interpreted as a result of a drastic decrease in the number of inhabitants of Emona because of a plague epidemic during the reign of Commodus, and the analysis of the coin finds from the Emona Forum also confirms this previous interpretation.25 Coins minted in the second half of the 3rd century are also barely represented on the Forum with a mere four examples from the year 1964. In the eastern part of the Emona Forum, excavated in 1968, coins of the 3™ century were not docu- mented, which is a significant difference in comparison with the other parts of Emona.26 On the basis of the absence of coin finds in this area, it would be possible to surmise an almost 160 year long discontinuity in monetary circulation, and hence settlement as well. Coins of the 4th century In the other areas of Emona an intensive monetary circula- tion was well documented without apparent interruption from the reign of Gallienus (260-268) all the way to the third decade of the 5th century. The monetary circulation in the south-eastern Alpine area, especially in the second half of the 4th century, was most intensive in Emona, and indicates the considerable economic power of this area. The mere 59 coins from the second half of the 4th century (23% of all recovered coins), excavated at the Emona Forum, is thus surprising and abnormal. The representation of coins by individual mint and period of minting is shown by the table 627- 2S. Despite the low number of late Roman coins from the inves- tigated area, only 37 where it is possible to determine the mint, it is possible to establish that the representation of coins from individual mints does not vary from the values known Are Rom Aq Sis Sir Tes Con Cyz Ned./ 27 Undet. 294-313 313-317 1 317-330 330-337 1 2 337-341 341-348 1 348-350 1 1 351-361 1 2 2 7 361-364 364-378 1 6 7 1 1 1 6 378-383 2 6 383-388 1 388-408 2 1 2 2. pol. 4. stoletja / 2. half 4th century 3 Skupaj Total 1 (1,7%) (2,7%)28 4 (6,7%) (10,8%) 10 (17%) (27%) 17(28,8%) (45,9%) 1 (1,7%) (2,7%) 1 (1,7%) (2,7%) 2 (3,4%) (5,4%) 1 (1,7%) (2,7%) 22 (37,2%) Tab. 6: Zastopanost novcev 4. stoletja po kovnih obdobjih in kovnicah. Tab. 6: The representation of coins of the 4tn century by minting period and mint. Emonski forum / Emona forum brez upostevanja sirsega konteksta, torej brez upostevanja primerjalnih novcnih najdb.31 Le na osnovi dokumentiranih novcev s foruma bi namrec prisli do povsem napacnih skle- pov o intenzivnosti poselitve na obravnavanem obmocju v posameznih obdobjih oz. celo o njeni prekinitvi. 1 FMRS1 I-II - P. Kos, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. I. in Bd. II, Berlin 1988; FMRS1 III - P. Kos, A. Semrov, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. Ill, Berlin 1995; FMRS1 IV - P. Kos, A. Semrov, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. IV, Berlin 1998; FMRS1 Bd. V - A. Semrov, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. V, Berlin 2004. 2 Za primerjavo navajamo vrednosti, uporabljene v P. Kos, The Monetary Circulation in the southeastern Alpine Region ca. 300 BC - AD 1000 (= Situla 24), Ljubljana 1986, ki so temeljile na podatk- ih, zbranih v FMRS11 in II. 3 P. Kos, Keltski novel Slovenije (= Situla 18), Ljubljana 1977, 132. 4 G. Gorini, 'Le prototype massaliete des petites monnaies d'argent duNorique', BSFN 56 No. 7, 2001, 125-127. 5 P. Kos, op. cit. 34. 6 Problematiko viktoriatov povzema A. Miskec, The Early Romanization of the Southeastern Alpine Region in the Light of Numismatic Finds, Arh. vest. 54, 2003, 369-379, se posebej glej sliko 1 na str. 371. 7 M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974, 629. Glej tudi D. Backendorf, Romische Miinzschdtze des zweiten und ersten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. vom italienischen Festland (Studien zu Fundmiinzen der Antike, Bd. 13), Berlin 1998. 8 Evidenco zakladnih najdb navaja G. Gorini, 'II ripostiglio monetale di Enemonzo', v: / Celti in Carnia e nell' Alto Alpino centro Orientale, Tolmezzo 1999, 178-179. 9 Prim, zbrano evidenco pri Miskec, op. cit. (op. 5), 375 Fig. 3. 10 Evidenco je zbrala A. Miskec, Denarni obtok v Istri v anticnem obdobju, Annales. Series Historia et Sociologia (v tisku). 11 Kos, The Monetary Circulation 30. 12 H. Chantraine, Die antiken Fundmiinzen der Ausgrabungen in Neuss. Novaesium III, Limesforschungen Bd. 8, Berlin 1968, 20. 13 Tako znasa npr. delez republikanskih novcev v leta 56 zakopani zakladni najdbi iz Emone 44,8%, v leta 64 zakopani najdbi Portschach/Porece celo 88,46% (P. Kos, Monetary Circulation 74). 14 Prim, tudi P. Kos, Monetary Circulation 35 in 38, z upostevan- jempodatkov iz FMRS11, in II, 15 Kos, Monetary Circulation 35. 16 O kontramarkah P. Kos v: P. Kos, A. Semrov, Rimski novel in kon- tramarke iz I. stoletja = Roman Imperial Coins and Countermarks of the 1st Century : Augustus-Traianus (= Situla 33), Ljubljana 1995, 17-37. A. Miskec, Some aspects of countermarked coins from the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty in Pannonia, v: Actas del XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismatica, Madrid - 2003 (Madrid 2005), 1005-1011. 17 Predvsem posmrtni Avgustovi asi tipa Providentia predstavljajo na zgodnjeimperialnih lokalitetah 71% vseh Tiberijevih novcev; J. van Heesch, 'Some considerations on the circulation of Augustan and Tiberian bronze coins in Gaul', v: R. Wiegels (Hrsg.), DieFundmiinzen von Kalkrlese und die fruhkaiserzeitliche Miinzpragung (= Osnabriicker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption, Bd. 3), Mohnesee 2000, 156. 18 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 39. 19 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 60, Tab. 1. 20 Za kovnicarske ase je znacilno, da so v severne province v obtok prisli pozno, najverjetneje sele v casu vlade Tiberija, glej J. van Heesch, op. cit. (op. 17) 160. Glej tudi R. Wolters, »Anmerkungen zur Miinzdatierung spataugusteischer Fundplatze«, v: R. Wiegels (Hrsg.), DieFundmiinzen von Kalkriese und die fruhkaiserzeitliche from other parts of Emona. The best represented are coins from the mints of Siscia and Aquileia, which are the closest to the site, with coins from the mint of Siscia predominating after 364.29 The majority of the Late Roman coins was discovered in the south-eastern part of the Forum (from quadrant 1 to 28), which in all likelihood documents a late Roman settlement phase. The coins of the 4th century appear only sporadically in the other excavation trenches. All periods of minting were not represented because of the exceptionally small total num- ber of coins of the 4th century, although this fact cannot be properly interpreted because of this minimal number of coins. In comparison with the other areas of Emona excavated to the present, where an intensive monetary circulation is almost always shown In the late Roman period to the third decade of the 5th century,-*0 the numerically modest late Roman coin finds on the Forum cannot be interpreted, and particularly not, for example, as representing an exceptional- ly sparse inhabitation of this part of Emona in Late Antiqui- ty. The abnormally modest representation of late Roman coins can more probably be explained as resulting from the total destruction of the late Roman layers in the construction of the medieval city. The analysis of the ancient coins from the area of the Emona Forum also can serve as an excellent example showing what incorrect conclusions could be reached through the interpre- tation of the coin finds from a given area without considering the broader context, i.e. without consideration of comparative coin finds f1 Merely on the basis of the documented coins from the Forum of Emona completely incorrect conclusions would be made in terms of the intensity of settlement or even its dis- continuity in the investigated area in individual periods. 1 FMRS1 I and II - P. Kos, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. I and Bd. II\, Berlin 1988; FMRS1 III - P. Kos, A. Semrov, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. Ill, Berlin 1995; FMRS1 IV - P. Kos, A. Semrov, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, Bd. IV, Berlin 1998; FMRS1 Bd. V - A. Semrov, Die Fundmiinzen der romischen Zeit in Slowenien, V Berlin 2004. 2 The comparison utilizes the system of values used in P. Kos, The Monetary Circulation in the Southeastern Alpine Region ca. 300 BC -AD 1000 (= Situla 24), Ljubljana 1986, and that were based on the data gathered in FMRS1 I and II. 3 P. Kos, Keltski novci Slovenije (= Situla 18), Ljubljana 1977, 132. 4 G. Gorini, Le prototype massaliete des petites monnaies d'argent du Norique, BSFN 56 No. 7, 2001, 125-127. 5 P. Kos, op.cit. 34. 6 Problems related to the victoriati were summarized by A. Miskec, The Early Romanization of the Southeastern Alpine Region in the Light of Numismatic Finds, Arh. vest. 54, 2003, 369-379, in partic- ular see fig. 1 on p. 371. 7 M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974, 629. Also see D. Backendorf, Romische Miinzschdtze des zweiten und ersten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. vom italienischen Festland (Studien zu Fundmiinzen der Antike. Bd. 13). Berlin 1998. 8 Evidence from the coin hoards is cited by G. Gorini, II ripostiglio monetale di Enemonzo, in: / Celti in Carnia e nell'Alto Alpino cen- tro Orientale, Tolmezzo 1999, 178-179. 9 Cf. the collected evidence in Miskec, op. cit. (n. 5), 375 Fig. 3. 10 The evidence was collected by A. Miskec, Denarni obtok v Istri v anticnem obdobju, Annales. Series Historia et Sociologia (forth- coming). 11 Kos, The Monetary Circulation 30. Emonski forum / Emona forum 77 Miinzpragung (= Osnabrucker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption, Bd. 3), Mohnesee 2000, 95. 21 Podoben zakljucek izhaja tudi iz analize novcnih najdb na ostal- ih obmocjih Emone; glej Kos, Monetary Circulation 55. 22 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 39. Podrobno evidenco je zbral H. Chantraine, Die antiken Fundmiinzen von Neuss. Gesamtkatalog der Ausgrabungen 1955-1978, Novaesium VIII, Limesforschungen Bd. 20, Berlin 1982, 25. 23 Primerjalne podatke navaja Kos, Monetary Circulation, 60. 24 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 103 25 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 103-104. 26 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 93, Tab. 12. 27 Are = Arelate; Rom = Roma; Aq = Aquileia; Sis = Siscia; Sir = Sirmium; Tes = Thessalonica; Con = Constantinopolis; Cyz = Cyzicus; Ned. = nedolocljiva kovnica. 28 Novci nedolocljivih kovnic pri drugem izracunu odstotnih delezev kovnic niso upostevani. 29 Prim. Kos, Monetary Circulation, 172, Tab. B. 30 P. Kos, 'The numismatic evidence for the period from the 5th to the 10th centuries in the area of modern Slovenia', v: R. Bratoz (ur.), Slovenija in sosednje dezele med antiko in karolinsko dobo : zacetki slovenske etnogeneze : Anfange der slowenischen Ethnogenese (= Situla 39), Ljubljana 2000, 107-118. 31 P. Kos, Leksikon anticne numizmatike, Ljubljana 1997, 147-158. P. Kos, 'Interpretacija anticnih novcnih najdb. Metodologija - njene moznosti in pasti', Arh. vest. 48, 1997, 89 - 107. 12 H. Chantraine, Die antiken Fundmiinzen der Ausgrabungen in Neuss. Novaesium III, Limesforschungen Bd. 8, Berlin 1968, 20. 13 The proportion of Republican coins in the hoard buried in 56 in Emona measured 44.8%, and the find buried in 64 from Portschach / Porece even 88.46%; Kos, Monetary Circulation 74. 14 Cf. also P. Kos, Monetary Circulation 35 and 38, with considera- tion of the data from FMRS11 and II. 15 Kos, Monetary Circulation 35. 16 On countermarks P. Kos in: P. Kos, A. Semrov, Rimski novci in kontramarke iz 1. stoletja = Roman Imperial Coins and Counter- marks of the 1st Century : Augustus-Traianus (= Situla 33), Ljub- ljana 1995, 17-37. A. Miskec, 'Some aspects of countermarked coins from the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty in Pannonia', in: Actas del XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismatica, Madrid - 2003 (Madrid 2005), 1005-1011. 17 Mostly the posthumous Augustan asses of the Providentia type represent 71% of all Tiberian coins at earlt imperial sites; J. van Heesch, 'Some considerations on the circulation of Augustan and Tiberian bronze coins in Gaul', in: R. Wiegels (Hrsg.), DieFund- miinzen von Kalkriese und die fruhkaiserzeitliche Miinzpragung (= Osnabrucker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption, Bd. 3), Mohnesee 2000, 156. 18 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 39. 19 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 60, Tab. 1. 20 It is characteristic for minter's asses that they entered into circu- lation late in the northern provinces, most probably only in the peri- od of the reign of Tiberius; see J. van Heesch, op. cit. (n. 17) 160. Also see R. Wolters, »Anmerkungen zur Miinzdatierung spatau- gusteischer Fundplatze«, in: R. Wiegels (Hrsg.), DieFundmiinzen von Kalkriese und die fruhkaiserzeitliche Miinzpragung (= Osnabrucker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption, Bd. 3), Mohnesee 2000, 95. 21 A similar conclusion can also be reaches from analysis of the coin finds from the other areas of Emona; see Kos, Monetary Circulation 55. 22 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 39. Detailed evidence was gathered by H. Chantraine, Die antiken Fundmiinzen von Neuss. Gesamtkat- alog der Ausgrabungen 1955-1978, Novaesium VIII, Limes- forschungen Bd. 20, Berlin 1982, 25. 23 Comparative data is cited in Kos, Monetary Circulation, 60. 24 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 103 25 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 103-104. 26 Kos, Monetary Circulation, 93, Tab. 12. 27 Are = Arelate; Rom = Roma; Aq = Aquileia; Sis = Siscia; Sir = Sirmium; Tes = Thessalonica; Con = Constantinopolis; Cyz = Cyz- icus; Undet. = undetermined mint. 28 Coins from the undetermined mints were not included in the sec- ond calculation of the percentage representation of the individual mints. 29 Cf. Kos, Monetary Circulation, 172, Tab. B. 30 P. Kos, 'The numismatic evidence for the period from the 5th to the 10th centuries in the area of modern Slovenia', in: R. Bratoz (ed.), Slovenija in sosednje dezele med antiko in karolinsko dobo: zacetki slovenske etnogeneze: Anfange der slowenischen Ethno- genese (= Situla 39), Ljubljana 2000, 107-118. 31 P. Kos, Leksikon anticne numizmatike, Ljubljana 1997, 147-158. P. Kos, 'Interpretacija anticnih novcnih najdb. 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O O o- o O' o cm cm cm cm o o o- cas kovanja 1.p.2,st.pr.Kr. | 1.p.2.st.pr.Kr. I 27-25 pr.Kr. 15-10 pr.Kr. | 16pr.Kr.-37 1.p.Lst. I Lp.Lst. I Lp.Lst. to 37-38 i 41-50 j cm 77-78 i 50-54 348-350 | ,42 pr.K. j 16-6 pr.Kr. 16-6pr.Kr. |16-6 pr.Kr. j 7 pr.Kr. 11 do 12 15 do 16 j o co cm cm 41-54 )41-54 j lo Lp.Lst. cn cd co co h- J81-96 [29-27 pr.Kr. 116-10 pr.Kr. j 16-6 pr.Kr. 17 pr.Kr. 17 pr.Kr. |4 pr.Kr. H0do11 I22-30 |l6pr.Kr.-37 137-41 50-54 cm ■* |77-78 vladar •lika I cd j»c tus | tus I ali Tiberius | > > > > nus j CO 10 o c cd E » CD iUS II. ! m tus | co 10 tus tus j tus Divus Augustus) | Divus Augustus) i _> ; snu us co ■tus i tus ■tus i .tus itUS i (Tiberius) Divus Augustus) : ali Tiberius grippa) snu tus nedoloclj) nedoloclji nedoloclj: nedoloclj sn us e]s us c m iRepublik; co us us us B|S ue co < ius ius s|s Reput Reput Augus Augus Augus ! Caius Claudi Claudi iVespa iCIaudi ! Const; jAugus iAugus jAugus Augus I Augus Tiberk | Tiberk j Claudi |Claudi |Claudi Inedolc co -Q cd CD | Vespa |Domit; |Reput |Augus |Augus |Augus jAugus |Augus IAugus [Tiberii IAugus I Caius ICIaud 1 Claud |Vespa 1 cd O) ■>*■ a> ■* cd -* cd ■* cn cd cd cd -a- o0 cd o) cd ■* h-^J- lo in ** in ■tf lo lo lo lo in ■* lo lo in m ■* lo in m -=fr ^* •* >* E CO cd cd co cd cd co cd cd 00 cd co oo cd o) co cd cd co cd o) oo co cd co cd cd x. cd CD 00 cd cd co cd cd co cd oo co cd oo 00 co cd co cd cd oo cd <J> oo cd cd oo cd cd oo cd cd oo cd cd co cd cd co cd cd oo co oo 00 cd cd oo co cd co co cd 00 cd cd co cd cd co cd cd co cd cd 00 cd cd 00 cd cd 00 co cd 00 cd cd oo co o) co cd cd oo cd cd datu co r-j 27.6. 20.5. r-~ 31.5. j 22.6. cd cd h~ cd ! 18.6. cd cd ■* co CD ■* cd cd | 19.6. cd -* cd cd | 28.6. | 24.6. | 24.6. | 24.6. | 23.7. | 24.6. | 24.6. | 24.6. I 25.7. I 25.7. | 24.6. | 24.6. I 24.6. >tn cd ■* o lo LO cm in co lo in lo lo cd lo h-lo 00 lo cd lo O cd cd cm cd co co cd lo cd cd cd cd oo cd cd cd o h- cn co r-. h- lo cd h- oo cd h- o co co cm co co co 00 m oo cd 00 oo co co cd 00 o cd cd 1 tek. gQ Emonski forum / Emona forum FMRSI 1 155/37-7 1 155/37-70 1 155/37-71 1 155/37-72 I 155/37-73 1 155/37-75 I 155/37-76 r«-N. N co 1 155/37-78 I 155/37-79 1 155/37-8 I 155/37-80 I 155/37-81 I 155/37-82 1 155/37-83 1 155/37-84 I 155/37-85 1 155/37-86 I 155/37-87 I 155/37-88 1 155/37-9 I 155/37-90 1 155/37-92 1 155/37-93 1 155/37-94 1 155/37-95 1 155/37-96 I 155/37-97 1 155/37-98 I 155/37-99 I 155/47-111 I 155/47-17 I 155/47-26 I 155/47-273 I 155/47-34 I 155/47-37 I 155/47-45 I 155/47-54 I 155/47-594 I 155/47-69 I 155/47-70 III 83/13-1 III 83/20-1 III 83/20-10 11183/20-11 III 83/20-12 III 83/20-13 III 83/20-14 III 83/20-15 prostor | plast plast rusevine in malte r» plast rusevine in malte c- cn- plast rusevine plast rusevine plast rusevine plast rusevine nad tiakom plast rusevine plast v kanalu plast peska in zemlje plast humusa in oglja plast rusevine plast v kanalu piast v kanalu plast peska in zemlje plast rusevine plast peska in zemlje co cn co co to co cd co to cn- co cd o- plast rusevine o cn- plast rusevine [plast gline in zemlje o- in- <n- |plast pescene rus. zemlje plast humusa z zganino | plast rusevine o in- c- c 0- c o profit | in- c- cv c-- c- cn- cv (>■ c- r- • o- o c- cn- c- in- o- cn- o cn- o o- cv in- 0- cn- o- cn- o- cn' c- cn- cn. cas kovanja 15 pr.Kr. 22-30 34-37 50-54 50-54 50-54 50-54 69-79 cn co 355-361 364-375 364-378 18-15 pr.Kr. 7 pr.Kr. 41-54 117-138 125-128 141-161 330-335 367-375 2.p.4.st. 1.p.2.st. pr.Kr. 1.p.2.st.pr.Kr. 18-15 pr.Kr. 22-23 122-30 16 pr.Kr.-37 l.p.Lst. j l.p.Lst. ]37-41 O co o co |1. st.pr.Kr. |7 pr.Kr. [37-41 |25 pr. Kr. |21 do 22 116 pr.Kr.-37 [50-54 7 pr.Kr. 351-352 1364-378 1379-383 |367-375 367-375 378-383 378-383 |351-361 | l.p.Lst. vladar Augustus Tiberius (Divus Augustus) Tiberius (Divus Augustus) Claudius I. Claudius I. Claudius I. (Germanicus) Claudius I. (Germanicus) Vespasianus Domitianus Constantius II. (lulianus) Valentinianus I. Valent. I., Valens, Grat., Valent. II. Augustus Augustus Claudius I. Hadrianus Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (Diva Faustina I.) Constantinus I. ali sinovi Gratianus nedoiocljiv Republika Republika Augustus Tiberius Tiberius (Divus Augustus) Augustus ali Tiberius nedoiocljiv nedoiocljiv Caius (Agrippa) Titus Titus i Noriki Augustus Caius (Agrippa) Augustus Tiberius Augustus ali Tiberius [Claudius I. Augustus Magnentius |Valens |Theodosius I. |Valentinianus I. |Valentinianus I. |Gratianus |Valentinianus II. [Constantius II. | nedoiocljiv kv. co co co co '-r - co co co co >* «*■ m cm •* cm <» • cm rt cm cm ^* M -- 3 ■<t o o <* o _f o ■* cd co co co co co T co cm co co co co co co cm cm oo cm co cm |n-CN cm h-cm r-cm o cm o cm | tek. st. datum | 15.5.19681 28.5.19681 15.5.19681 28.5.1968| 15.5.1968| 15.5.1968| 17.5.1968| 23.5.1968| 15.5.1968] 15.5.1968| 15.5.1968| 15.5.1968] cd ■■d co cn 24.5.1968| 24.5.19681 16.5.1968| 28.5.19681 28.5.1968] 24.5.1968| 17.5.1968| 24.5.1968] 10.6.1968| 10.6.1968| 10.6.19681 11.6.19681 11.6.19681 19.6.1968) 11.6.19681 0.0.1968) | 28.5.1968) 14.5.1968) | 14.5.1968) 3.6.1968) | 19.6.1968' [ 11.5.1968 | 10.5.1968 9.5.1968 9.5.1968 | 24.5.1968 7.5.1968 25.4.1968 | 22.5.1968 | 25.4.1968 co cd od co cd cd co co cd co cd cd 00 cd cd oo cd cd cm co co cd cn in cd cd co co cd o) o o o cm o co o ■ uo o cd o o oo o o cm ■* ld co cd o cm cm cm co cm ■* cm in cm cd cm cm co cm cd cm o co co cm co co co co lo co cd co N co oo co cd co o emonski forum / emona forum g \ FMRSI | 11183/20-16 \ 11183/20-17 I 11183/20-18 | 11183/20-19 ! III 83/20-2 5 III 83/20-20 ! III 83/20-21 III 83/20-22 III 83/20-23 | III 83/20-24 III 83/20-25 III 83/20-26 III 83/20-27 III 83/20-29 III 83/20-3 | III 83/20-30 i III 83/20-31 111 83/20-32 III 83/20-33 |III 83/20-34 |III 83/20-34 \ |III 83/20-35 S {III 83/20-37 | |III 83/20-38 jlll 83/20-39 llll 83/20-4 llll 83/20-40 jlll 83/20-41 jlll 83/20-42 11II 83/20-43 III 83/20-44 llll 83/20-45 llll 83/20-46 |lll 83/20-47 j llll 83/20-48 jlll 83/20-49 |lil 83/20-5 |lll 83/20-50 [III 83/20-51 |lll 83/20-52 llll 83/20-53 | |lll 83/20-54 i |lll 83/20-6 I 11II 83/20-7 |III 83/20-8 III 83/20-9 prostor | plast I c- r- cn- cn. o cn. o- cn- cn. cn- in- IN- cn' c- cn- izkopno polje 5 o. cn- c- c- o- cn- cn- o- 0- cn- o- profil | cn. cn- c-. in. cn- cn' c- t>- cn. c>. cn. cn' cn. c-. cn. o- o- o. O. r- o cn- cn- r- cn' c- cn- cas kovanja 351-361 355-361 378-383 388-393 : 341-348 lo 351-355 367-375 378-383 379-383 336 do 337 388-403 367-375 351-361 103-111 141-161 367-375 cd cd 367-375 364-375 367-375 | 34-37 Ip.l.st. 64-65 64-65 54-68 355-361 378-383 404-406 2.p.4.st. 388-393 379-383 313-317 37-38 364-367 47-46 pr.Kr. 69-79 :37-38 f~ 80-81 11. -2. st. 181-96 vladar Constantius II. Constantius II. Gratianus Theodosius I. Constans Vespasianus Constantius II. Valentinianus I. Valentinianus II. j Theodosius I. Constantinus I. (Constantinus II.) Valent. II., Theod. I., Arc. ali Hon. Valens Constantius II. Traianus Antoninus Pius (Diva Faustina I.) Valens Nero Valentinianus I. Valentinianus I. Valens Tiberius (Divus Augustus) nedolocljiv Nero Nero Nero Constantius II. Valentinianus II. Arcadius I nedolocljiv Valent. II., Theod. I., Arc. ali Hon. Theodosius I. Constantinus I. Caius Valentinianus . Republika ;Vespasianus Caius (Germanicus) jVespasianus Titus (Divus Vespasianus) nedolocljiv Domitianus > a> o) 0) cd 12 skozi 1| 12 skozi 1| cm 12 skozi 1| oj o o oi r- c- c> cn' i> cn- o o- O- CN- o- CN. cn- o co ct cm cd lo o- o- cn- | tek. st. datum co cd cd co cd cd oo co cd 00 cd co cd co co cd co cd co co cd cd .» cd cd co cd 05 co cd cd co co co co . X ... ct X cc cd . cc a co cd cd o- 1968| co cd ct) 00 cd cd co co cd CO cd c cn- cn- co id ct! o- 00 cd (75 co cd cd f ■ co n-cd - cd o~. h-cd cd CN. cd cd 1 14.4.19661 8.4.1966| I 17.5.1965 uo cd cd I 17.5.1965 m cd cd lo cd o) cm co ■* cd n~ n* O lo uo cm lo co lo -J lo ■ ■-lo cd in h-lo co no oo in O cd cd cm cd co cd o m cd cd cd r-. cd □c cd cd-cd C n- cm n- n it-r— lo r- cd n- h-r-- co Is- cd r- o cc: co cm 00 Emonski forum / Emona forum FMRSI 1 III 83/7-1 III 83/7-10 III 83/7-11 III 83/7-12 III 83/7-13 III 83/7-14 III 83/7-15 co f--on III 83/7-17 III 83/7-18 III 83/7-19 III 83/7-2 III 83/7-20 III 83/7-21 ,111 83/7-22 III 83/7-23 III 83/7-24 III 83/7-25 jlll 83/7-26 III 83/7-27 |III 83/7-28 |HI 83/7-29 jlll 83/7-3 III 83/7-30 jlll 83/7-31 jlll 83/7-32 |III 83/7-33 jlll 83/7-34 |III 83/7-35 jlll 83/7-36 r» co bd |III 83/7-38 |III 83/7-4 jlll 83/7-40 jlll 83/7-41 jlll 83/7-42 |III 83/7-43 III! 83/7-44 |III 83/7-46 |III 83/7-47 |III 83/7-48 jlll 83/7-49 llll 83/7-5 |lll 83/7-50 |III 83/7-52 prostor | plast plast izmetane zemlje profil | c- cas kovanja j 21-22 15-16 i 50-54 LO CM O N-CM 1.p.2.st.pr.Kr. ] 16-6pr.Kr. \ I.p.l.st. 69-79 138-161 | 41-54 po211 pr.Kr. | CD 81-96 i 268-270 o r>-CN 348-350 j 367-375 22-30 ■* CD CO 1.-2.st. 355-361 ,367-375 378-383 388-403 41-50 | I.p.l.st. 1351-361 1161-176 |81-96 7 pr.Kr. [125-128 1260-268 |1.-2.st. 116 pr.Kr. to 150-54 116-6 pr.Kr. 16-6 pr.Kr. [22-30 116-6 pr.Kr. 16-6 pr.Kr. 85-96 1.-2.st. |367-375 vladar ! Tiberius (Livia) Tiberius (Divus Augustus) j Claudius I. (Agrippina) Aurelianus Republika i w 3 To 3 D) 3 < nedolocljiv Vespasianus Antoninus Pius Claudius I. Republika Nero Domitianus Claudius II Aurelianus (Divus Claudius II.) ! Constans Valentinianus 1 \ Tiberius (Divus Augustus) Valens nedolocljiv iConstantius II. iValens Gratianus Valent. II., Theod. I., Arc. ali Hon. Claudius I. nedolocljiv (Constantius II. [Marcus Aurelius (Faustina II.) |Domitianus lAugustus | Hadrianus |Gallienus | nedolocljiv |Augustus [nedolocijiv jClaudius I. Augustus Augustus [Tiberius (Divus Augustus) Augustus [Augustus Domitianus I nedolocljiv [Valens CO a: CO cn CO CO CO r-~ CO m "St •* CO CO CO CO CM CM 0- C" c- LO CO -* co CO CN CO CO CN DO "0 CD LD co cn CD CD CO OO CD CO CO kv. E ■tf CO 0) CD cn CD 01 ■si uD CO CC CD -c-cD CO CD OJ CD CD ■5f cc> cn „>. co CC CC cc CC ■* CD "* CD 33 -s CD CD "T 'CD CD CC on CO CD (33 CD a CD CD ^t-CD cn o CO 0 c o- <>■ o o- C- c- O o :: •:■■ r- O- c- to- C- o o datu 03 co CN 13.8. 28.8. CD 19.11.' oo h-CN 19.11.' CD c; cn O ' 23.9. o CN O co o CD CD CD CD 'CD 8.10. CO CO CM j 17.9. >U> JC 0) CO CO CO 00 CO co h-oo » CO CD 00 o CD cn CN cn CO cn "* CD ICC CD CD CD CD CO CD OO CO o CO CM o CM CN '-.-■! CN CO o CM <* O Csj LO o CM CD O CM r-~ o CM CO cone CC o o o CM CM ■co CN CN 00 CM CD CM o. CM n: n cn CM o CN CN CM CM Cc CM CM co Cxi CN ■o-CN CM LO CN CM co CO CN Emonski forum / Emona forum 33 di m o FMRSI | III 83/7-53 | III 83/7-54 | III 83/7-55 | III 83/7-56 I III 83/7-57 III 83/7-58 | III 83/7-59 III 83/7-6 | III 83/7-60 III 83/7-62 | III 83/7-63 | III 83/7-7 | III 83/7-8 III 83/7-9 IV 85/7-1 IV 85/7-2 | ni citata se neobjavljen se neobjavljen se neobjavljen ise neobjavljen :V 62/16-1 prostor | plast plast v odpadni jami profil | cas kovanja 15 pr.Kr. 15-16 |54-68 1364-367 116-6 pr.Kr. | |367-375 1384-387 |364-378 114-37 | |32-31 pr.Kr. 118-16 pr.Kr. |18-15 pr.Kr. |7-6 pr.Kr. |22-23 |21-22 ]16 pr.Kr.-3/ | 139-41 |40-41 137-41 CM CM CO CD |330-337 I353-355 1355-361 I364-367 I367-375 to d. 11 p.1 St. |2.p.4.st. vladar Augustus Tiberius ! Nero Valens Augustus Gratianus Theodosius I. Valens Tiberius (Divus Augustus) Republika Augustus Augustus Augustus ! Tiberius Tiberius (Livia) [Augustus ali Tiberius ius us us (Agrippa) Claudius I. [Claudius I. |Constantinus I. (Urbs Roma) IConstantius II. [Constantius II. Valens iGratianus I nedolocljiv nedolocljiv | nedolocljiv :Ca ;Ca Ca kv. LO m LO lo CO CM p- p» o P" r- p. e- 0- p- p- p P» CN- p. p- p- e- p- p" p" | tek. st. datum ( r- o- o- P- P-- p- C~ o- p- P" o c- p- p. p- p- P- p- p» P» P' p- p- p" p» p- p- N. CN CN co CM CN CJ) CN CM O co CM CO CM CN co CM co CO CM "» CO CM lo CO CM CD CO CM r-. co CN oo CO CN CD CO CM o t CM CM CN CN co ■* CM CM lo -t CN CD CN ■>* CM oo •* CN CD CM o lo CM lo CM CN lo CN CO lo CN "* lo CN lo lo CM CD lo CM !i \s» 4 84 Emonski forum / Emona forum